But we must not allow a single honest Bolshevik to be harmed. He sponsored the early Soviet space program and the enactment of moderate reforms in domestic policy. Parteitag => Entstalinisierung Partei- und Staatsführung Kalter Krieg Kalter Krieg Berlinkrise Anfänge * 17.04.1894 t 11.09.1971 Kubakrise 1918: Eintritt in die KP 1929: Wechsel nach Moskau 1953: 1. His name appeared atop a revised list of secretaries—indicating that he was now in charge of the party. The 20th Party Congress opened on 14 February 1956. Even so, some artists and writers joined the family at the graveside for the interment. Working together with his close ally Anastas Mikoyan, Khrushchev believed that once the stain of Stalinism was removed, the Party would inspire loyalty among the people. He was employed by a workshop that serviced ten mines, and he was involved in several strikes that demanded higher pay, better working conditions, and an end to the war. His biographer, William Taubman, suggests that Khrushchev's delay in affiliating himself with the Bolsheviks was because he felt closer to the Mensheviks who prioritized economic progress, whereas the Bolsheviks sought political power. [45], Khrushchev had no reason to think himself immune from the purges, and in 1937, confessed his own 1923 dalliance with Trotskyism to Kaganovich, who, according to Khrushchev, "blanched" (for his protégé's sins could affect his own standing) and advised him to tell Stalin. [176] Preschool education was increased as part of Khrushchev's reforms, and by the time he left office, about 22% of Soviet children attended preschool—about half of urban children, but only about 12% of rural children. [288] While the Soviet standard of living increased greatly in the ten years after Khrushchev's fall, much of the increase was due to industrial progress; agriculture continued to lag far behind, resulting in regular agricultural crises, especially in 1972 and 1975. In his memoirs, Khrushchev spoke highly of Ukraine, where he governed for over a decade: I'll say that the Ukrainian people treated me well. [98] Khrushchev also sought to implement his agro-town proposal, but when his lengthy speech on the subject was published in Pravda in March 1951, Stalin disapproved of it. Nikita Sergejewitsch Chruschtschow (15. He was unsuccessful, due to resistance from professors and students, who never actually disagreed with the premier, but who did not carry out his proposals. He had no invitation but had appointed himself as head of the USSR's UN delegation. Khrushchev responded by pulling Soviet experts out of China. While the scheme eventually became a tremendous disaster for Soviet agriculture, it was initially successful. [176] These schools were modeled after the foreign-language schools that had been established in Moscow and Leningrad beginning in 1949. An indefinite postponement of action over Berlin was unacceptable to Khrushchev if for no other reason than that East Germany was suffering a continuous "brain drain" as highly educated East Germans fled west through Berlin. These tribunals, known as troikas, had often ignored laws and procedures. [231] As the last term was not publicly announced at the request of the U.S., and was not known until just before Khrushchev's death in 1971,[31] the resolution was seen as a great defeat for the Soviets and contributed to Khrushchev's fall less than two years later. [4] His parents, Sergei Khrushchev and Kseniya Khrushcheva, were poor Russian peasants,[5] and had a daughter two years Nikita's junior, Irina. [79] About 600,000 Western Ukrainians were arrested between 1944 and 1952, with one-third executed and the remainder imprisoned or exiled to the east. [147] According to author Roy Medvedev, who wrote an early analysis of Khrushchev's years in power, "political terror as an everyday method of government was replaced under Khrushchev by administrative means of repression". "[110] The key move by Khrushchev and Malenkov was to lure two of Beria's most powerful deputy ministers, Sergei Kruglov and Ivan Serov, to betray their boss. [241] Soviet forces in the city clashed with Hungarians and fired on demonstrators, with hundreds of both Hungarians and Soviets killed. [162] The costs of the machinery, plus the costs of building storage sheds and fuel tanks for the equipment, impoverished many kolkhozes. "[138], Khrushchev believed that the USSR could match the West's living standards,[139] and was not afraid to allow Soviet citizens to see Western achievements. [191] In January 1960, he took advantage of improved relations with the U.S. to order a reduction of one-third in the size of Soviet armed forces, alleging that advanced weapons would make up for the lost troops. It's a venerable old institution, a large economic unit, with skilled instructors, but it's in the city! We were unable to save these troops because we didn't withdraw them, and as a result, we simply lost them. "The Economic Policies of the Khrushchev Decade: Historiography. Nagy was arrested, and was later executed. During Khrushchev's rule, forced hospitalization for the "socially dangerous" was introduced. Khrushchev's attempt was generally successful, though his new towns and scientific centres tended to attract younger scientists, with older ones unwilling to leave Moscow or Leningrad. At that time, the movement was split by Lenin's New Economic Policy, which allowed for some measure of private enterprise and was seen as an ideological retreat by some Bolsheviks. Khrushchev did what he could to assist his hometown. While Khrushchev had threatened to defend Cuba with Soviet missiles, the premier contented himself with after-the-fact aggressive remarks. In four hours, he demolished Stalin's reputation. [142] The resulting "socialist carnival" involved over three million Moscovites, who joined with 30,000 young foreign visitors in events that ranged from discussion groups throughout the city to events at the Kremlin itself. The commissar returned for the funeral and, loyal to his Bolshevik principles, refused to allow his wife's coffin to enter the local church. [192] While conscription of Soviet youth remained in force, exemptions from military service became more and more common, especially for students. [253] When Khrushchev visited Beijing in 1958, Mao refused proposals for military cooperation. [249] The Soviet Union spent 7% of its national income between 1954 and 1959 on aid to China. "Nikita Chruschtschow, der Nachfolger Stalins, wird im Allgemeinen das „Verdienst" zuerkannt, mit der „Diktatur Stalins" aufgeräumt zu haben, so dass man ihn positiv wahrzunehmen hat." According to him, Khrushchev was: at once a Stalinist and an anti-Stalinist, a communist believer and a cynic, a self-publicizing poltroon and a crusty philanthropist, a trouble-maker and a peacemaker, a stimulating colleague and a domineering boor, a statesman and a politicker who was out of his intellectual depth. [91] Rather than agricultural workers living in villages close to farms, they would live further away in larger towns which would offer municipal services such as utilities and libraries, which were not present in villages. "[119], The post-Stalin battle for political control reshaped foreign-policy. When it became clear that the launch was real, and Sputnik 1 was in orbit, Western governments concluded that the Soviet ICBM program was further along than it actually was. [215] Neither Eisenhower nor Khrushchev communicated with the other in the days before the summit, and at the summit, Khrushchev made his demands and stated that there was no purpose in the summit, which should be postponed for six to eight months, that is until after the 1960 United States presidential election. [113] Khrushchev carefully cultivated high Party officials, and was able to appoint supporters as local Party bosses, who then took seats on the Central Committee. [117], At a Central Committee meeting in January 1955, Malenkov was accused of involvement in atrocities, and the committee passed a resolution accusing him of involvement in the Leningrad case, and of facilitating Beria's climb to power. Sekretär des ZK der KPdSU Image by There's nothing anti-Soviet in it. Zwischen 1953 und 1964 wurde die Sowjetunion von regiert Nikita Chruschtschow, ein ehemaliges Mitglied von Josef Stalininnerer Kreis. On 5 March 1953, Stalin's death triggered a power struggle in which Khrushchev emerged victorious upon consolidating his authority as First Secretary of the party's Central Committee. Wer war der bullige, impulsive Machtpolitiker, der . He supported Joseph Stalin's purges and approved thousands of arrests. Khrushchev's policy was still restrained by the need to retain the support of the Presidium and to placate the inarticulate but restive Soviet masses who were thrilled by Sputnik but demanded a higher standard of living on the ground as well. Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, "Khrushchev" redirects here. He said that they wanted to restore the old order, and for this purpose, "the enemies of the people" had linked up with the forces of reaction internationally. During t. [197] Additionally, the Soviet Union's display of ineptitude during the Congo Crisis, where it failed to prevent both the newly independent Republic of the Congo from descending into chaos and the substantial military intervention by Western powers, led to a further cooling of relations between the Soviet Union and its Ghanaian and Guinean partners. Never! I told them: Let's not do anything that isn't necessary. He was appointed second in command of Stalin's party apparatus in late 1926. He was schooled for a total of four years, part in the village school and part under Shevchenko's tutelage in Kalinovka's state school. [61], Khrushchev reached the Stalingrad Front in August 1942, soon after the start of the battle for the city. Gleichzeitig entfaltete die Transformation ihr strukturelles Erbe. The refusal of the western world to acknowledge East Germany was gradually eroded, and, in 1975, the United States and other NATO members signed the Helsinki Agreement with the USSR and Warsaw Pact nations, including East Germany, setting human rights standards in Europe.[293]. On 9 April 1960, the U.S. resumed such flights after a lengthy break. [251], Mao bitterly opposed Khrushchev's attempts to reach a rapprochement with more liberal Eastern European states such as Yugoslavia. A large number of ethnic Ukrainians lived in the invaded area, much of which today forms the western portion of Ukraine. Khrushchev was elected to the worker's council (or soviet) in Rutchenkovo, and in May he became its chairman. In 1938, Stalin sent him to govern the Ukrainian SSR, and he continued the purges there. [152][153], Khrushchev became a hyper-enthusiastic crusader to grow corn (maize). [95], In his new positions, Khrushchev continued his kolkhoz consolidation scheme, which decreased the number of collective farms in Moscow province by about 70%. [77] Despite Khrushchev's efforts, in 1945, Ukrainian industry was at only a quarter of pre-war levels, and the harvest actually dropped from that of 1944, when the entire territory of Ukraine had not yet been retaken. Khrushchev arrived at the VIP hall of Vnukovo Airport; KGB chairman Semichastny waited for him there, flanked by KGB security guards. [31] As Khrushchev took control of the USSR, he increased aid to China, even sending a small corps of experts to help develop the new communist country. He was hampered by the fact that China disapproved of Yugoslavia's liberal version of communism, and attempts to conciliate Belgrade resulted in an angry Beijing. Under the sponsorship of Lazar Kaganovich, he worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. [118] Malenkov remained in the Presidium as Minister of Electric Power Stations. If one was not signed, Khrushchev stated, the Soviet Union would conclude a peace treaty with East Germany. 25.01.2023 . The two increasingly built a good relationship. Let's not create the appearance of a coup.[267]. In late 1918 or early 1919, he was mobilized into the Red Army as a political commissar. [273][274] One of his grandsons was asked what the ex-premier was doing in retirement, and the boy replied, "Grandfather cries. He was appointed Premier of the Ukrainian SSR in addition to his earlier party post, one of the rare instances in which the Ukrainian party and civil leader posts were held by one person. Pravda described the novel as "low-grade reactionary hackwork", and the author was expelled from the Writer's Union. Nikita Sergejewitsch Chruschtschow war ein sowjetischer Militär, Politiker und von 1953 bis 1964 als Erster Sekretär der KPdSU der mächtigste Politiker der Sowjetunion. [261] Brezhnev was given ample time for his conspiracy, as Khrushchev was absent from Moscow for a total of five months between January and September 1964. [294] Khrushchev biographer William Tompson related the former premier's reforms to those which occurred later: Throughout the Brezhnev years and the lengthy interregnum that followed, the generation which had come of age during the 'first Russian spring' of the 1950s awaited its turn in power. [213] Eisenhower could not have it thought that there were rogue elements in the Pentagon operating without his knowledge, and admitted that he had ordered the flights, calling them "a distasteful necessity". These attempts failed due to background noise, so he switched to recording indoors. Lysenko maintained his influence under Khrushchev, and helped block the adoption of American techniques. Nach dem Tod Josef Stalins (März 1953) wurde im Juni 1953 Nikita Sergejewitsch Chruschtschow Erster Sekretär der KPdSU und 1958 auch Regierungschef als Nachfolger von Georgi Malenkow (1953-1955) und Nikolai Bulganin. I tended, as the foreigners say when they use the Russian language, "the little cows," I was a sheepherder, I herded cows for a capitalist, and that was before I was fifteen. Local officials kept Khrushchev happy with unrealistic pledges of production. In response to the uprising, Hungarian Party leaders installed reformist Premier Imre Nagy. If you include their relatives, friends, and acquaintances, you could say that the entire country became familiar with the speech ... Spring had barely begun when the speech began circulating around the world. 26 YOUR RATING Rate Documentary Biography History Nikita Khrushchev was a devoted supporter of Stalin, but eventually put an end to his predecessor's regime of terror. [39] Later that year, he was selected as First Secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee which was responsible for Moscow oblast, a province with a population of 11 million.[35]. While many in the West took this statement as a literal threat, Khrushchev made the statement in a speech on peaceful coexistence with the West. [17] He did not join the Bolsheviks until 1918, a year in which the Russian Civil War, between the Bolsheviks and a coalition of opponents known as the White Army, began in earnest. In 1964, the Kremlin leadership stripped him of power, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier. But far be it from me to inflate my significance. This allowed Khrushchev and Malenkov to arrest Beria as Beria belatedly discovered he had lost control of Ministry of Interior troops and the troops of the Kremlin guard. [69] Khrushchev related that he interrogated an SS defector, learning that the Germans intended an attack—a claim dismissed by his biographer Taubman as "almost certainly exaggerated". This resulted in farms that were too large for one chairman to manage effectively. At a Central Committee meeting several weeks later, not a word was said in Zhukov's defense. The next day, Soviet troops crushed the Hungarian uprising, with a death toll of 4,000 Hungarians and several hundred Soviet troops. "[94], In 1950, Khrushchev began a large-scale housing program for Moscow. Everyone lived in fear in those days. He was a jury member of the Rainer Hildebrandt international human . In April, the Politburo disavowed the agro-town proposal. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Despite this, collective and state farms were required to turn over 52% of the harvest to the government. [19] The post of political commissar had recently been introduced as the Bolsheviks came to rely less on worker activists and more on military recruits; its functions included indoctrination of recruits in the tenets of Bolshevism, and promoting troop morale and battle readiness. Until the age of fifteen, I worked as a shepherd. [292], Though Khrushchev's strategy failed to achieve the major goals he sought, Aleksandr Fursenko, who wrote a book analyzing Khrushchev's foreign and military policies, argued that the strategy did coerce the West in a limited manner. Malenkov's power was in the central state apparatus, which he sought to extend through reorganizing the government, giving it additional power at the expense of the Party. [9] Yuzovka, which was renamed Stalino in 1924 and Donetsk in 1961, was at the heart of one of the most industrialized areas of the Russian Empire. [47] Nonetheless, Khrushchev became a candidate member of the Politburo on 14 January 1938 and a full member in March 1939. [20], Through the intervention of a friend, Khrushchev was assigned in 1921 as assistant director for political affairs for the Rutchenkovo mine in the Donbass region, where he had previously worked. Khrushchev's government, on the other hand, was reluctant to endorse Mao's desires for an assertive worldwide revolutionary movement, preferring to conquer capitalism through raising the standard of living in communist-bloc countries. Beria was tried in secret and executed in December 1953 with five of his close associates. [290] Lysenko was stripped of his policy-making positions. [220] The U.S. restricted him to the island of Manhattan, with visits to an estate owned by the USSR on Long Island. At that meeting, the three main conspirators were dubbed the Anti-Party Group, and denounced with accusations of factionalism and complicity in Stalin's crimes. In 1936, as the trials proceeded, Khrushchev expressed his vehement support: Everyone who rejoices in the successes achieved in our country, the victories of our party led by the great Stalin, will find only one word suitable for the mercenary, fascist dogs of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite gang. [80] The Soviet government sought to collect as much grain as possible to supply communist allies in Eastern Europe. He looked especially at collectivism, state farms, liquidation of machine-tractor stations, planning decentralization, economic incentives, increased labor and capital investment, new crops, and new production programs. [73] One out of every six Ukrainians were killed in World War II. The campaign also included a restriction of parental rights to teach religion to their children; a ban on the presence of children at church services (beginning with the Baptists in 1961, it was then extended to the Orthodox in 1963); and a ban on the administration of the Eucharist to children over the age of four. That word is execution. When the new assemblies did so, their petitions were granted by the USSR Supreme Soviet, and Western Ukraine became a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR) on 1 November 1939. The Russian's goal was to present warmth, charm and peacefulness, using candid interviews to convince Americans of his humanity and good will. [190] He abandoned Stalin's plans for a large navy in 1955, believing that the new ships would be too vulnerable to either a conventional or nuclear attack. [221] This behavior by Khrushchev scandalized his delegation. The general U.S. and public perception of a "missile gap" led to a considerable defense buildup on the part of the United States.