The French authorities, although some in their ranks had earlier encouraged this anti-Damascus movement, refused to consider any new status of autonomy inside Syria and even annexed the Alawite State and the Jabal Druze State to the Syrian Republic.[71]. [18] According to Jordi Tejel, "These three Kurdish enclaves constituted ... a natural extension of Kurdish territory into Turkey and Iraq". Das Syrien vor 2011 gehört der Vergangenheit an, die gesellschaftliche Entwicklung des Landes ist gegenwärtig nicht zu . Unter gesundheitlichen Aspekten eine No-go-Area Und ohne Raffinerien vor Ort. [89], The Kurdistan National Assembly of Syria was formed to represent Syrian Kurds based on two major conferences, one at the US Senate in March 2006 and the other at the EU parliament in Brussels in 2006. Similarly, the adjacent Iraqi Kurdistan is known as the granary of Iraq. Türkei bombardiert kurdische Ziele in Syrien und Irak Die Region Kurd Dagh erstreckt sich bis zu den türkischen Landkreisen İslahiye und Kırıkhan. '[117], Hovannisian, Richard G., 2007. Er erwartet, dass die . [61], Under the French Mandate of Syria, newly-arriving Kurds were granted citizenship by French Mandate authorities[62] and enjoyed considerable rights as the French Mandate authority encouraged minority autonomy as part of a divide and rule strategy and recruited heavily from the Kurds and other minority groups, such as Alawite and Druze, for its local armed forces. The only major cities with significant Kurdish populations that remained under government control were Hasaka and Qamishli. [113] Stateless Kurds also do not have the option of legally relocating to another country because they lack passports or other internationally recognized travel documents. Als Ergebnis wurden 120.000 Kurden (ca. Manche Mitglieder derselben Familie wurden zu Staatsbürgern erklärt, während andere als Ausländer deklariert wurden, was die Ungenauigkeit des Vorgangs nahelegt; HRW behauptet auch, dass manche Kurden, die den Wehrdienst geleistet hatten, ihre Staatsbürgerschaft verloren, während andere, die die Beamten bestochen hatten, sie behalten durften. [58] Kurdish immigration waves to Syria's Jazira province started immediately after WWI. The government claims that these Kurds settled down, gradually, in the region in cities like Amuda and Qamishli until they accounted for the majority in some of these cities. This has encouraged the non-Turkish minorities that were under Turkish pressure to leave their ancestral homes and property, they could find refuge and rebuild their lives in relative safety in neighboring Syria. [31] The French authorities continued to allow Kurdish migration into the Mandate, and by 1939, the villages numbered between 700 and 800. [112], In 1962, 20 percent of Syria's Kurdish population were stripped of their Syrian citizenship following a very highly controversial census raising concerns among human rights groups. Kurden in Syrien - Wikipedia Autonome Region Kurdistan - Wikipedia The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria", "Special Report: Amid Syria's violence, Kurds carve out autonomy", "Map of proposed Syrian Kurdistan provoke questions", "Turkey's military operation in Syria: All the latest updates", "Is the PKK worried by the YPG's growing popularity? Staatenlose Kurden in Syrien, Bericht von Kurdwatch, März 2010, S. 6–7 und 15 ff. Bekannte kurdische Städte und Dörfer sind al Hasaka, al-Qamishli, Amuda, Afrin und Kurd Dagh. Auch sagte sie, dass viele es schafften, sich illegal in die syrischen Einwohnerregister einzuschreiben. [15] Syrien: Die neusten Entwicklungen im Bürgerkrieg - NZZ Am Ende des Treffens einigten sich die Seiten darauf, nicht gegeneinander vorzugehen und das Hohe Kurdische Komitee zu gründen, um über die weitere Strategie der kurdischen Organisationen zu bestimmen. [37] In the mid-18th century, Ottomans recognized Milli tribal leaders as iskan başı or chief of sedentarization in Raqqa area. Weiterhin behauptete sie, dass diese Kurden sich dort ansiedelten und so nach und nach die Mehrheit in Städten wie Amude und Qamischli ausmachten. Öl, Gas, Krieg: Iran will stärker mit Russland zusammenarbeiten [29] The mandatory authorities continued to encourage Kurdish immigration into Syria, and a new significant wave of refugees arrived in 1929. Aleppo ist mit ca. The Kurdish population of Syria (Arabic: كرد سورية)[8] is the country's largest ethnic minority,[9] usually estimated at around 10% of the Syrian population[10][11][9][12][13][14] and 5% of the Kurdish population. In the 1930s, Kurdish Alevis who fled the persecution of the Turkish army during the Dersim massacre, settled in Mabeta. Kurdisch verwaltete Region in Syrien: Das Experiment - taz.de Die größte staatenlose Ethnie der Welt ist in einer der unbeständigsten Regionen der Erde zu Hause - Kurdistan. [22] Auch in Bellinzona . [57] Although the concept of an independent Kurdistan as homeland of the Kurdish people has a long history,[68] the extent of said territory has been disputed over time. [109] However, according to Human Rights Watch, the Syrian government falsely claimed that many of the Kurds who were the original inhabitants of the land were foreigners, and in turn, violated their human rights by stripping them of their Syrian citizenship. He established himself as the representative of the Kurds in Jazira[29] maintaining the coalition with the Christian notables, who were represented by the Syriac Catholic Patriarch Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni and Michel Dôme the Armenian Catholic president of the Qamishli municipality. [75] As a result, around 120,000 Kurds in Jazira (20% of Syrian Kurds) were stripped of their Syrian citizenship even though they were in possession of Syrian identity cards. [41] In 1970, Hafez al-Assad seized power in a subsequent coup. 20 % der kurdischen Bevölkerung in Syrien) in der Dschazira zu Ausländern erklärt. Kurdish population - Wikipedia Syrian Kurdistan is often called Western Kurdistan or Rojava, one of the four "Lesser Kurdistans" that comprise "Greater Kurdistan", alongside Iranian Kurdistan . Angst machen ihnen nicht nur die vielen neuen Attentate der Terrormiliz, sondern auch eine "tickende Zeitbombe" ganz. [21] Kurds in Syria - Wikipedia The Kurdistan National Assembly of Syria (KNAS) seeks democracy for Syria and supports granting equal rights to Kurds and other Syrian minorities. All three enclaves border Turkish Kurdistan to the north, while Jazira also borders Iraqi Kurdistan to the east. Kurdisch verwaltete Region in Syrien - Qantara.de Geografie - Syrien Reisen Syrian troops crossed the Iraqi border and moved into the Kurdish town of Zakho in pursuit of Barzani's fighters[80], Syrian policies in the 1970s led to Arabs resettling in majority Kurdish areas. [44], In 1978, north of the rail line, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) was founded by Abdullah Öcalan, seeking to establish an independent Kurdish state in Turkey. Die Polizei warnte sie, dass das Tragen kurdischer Trachten verboten sei, und feuerte in die Menge; dabei starb eine Person. November greift die Türkei mit ihrer Luftwaffe und Artillerie kurdische Stellungen in Nordostsyrien an. [103], International and Kurdish human rights organizations have accused the Syrian government of discriminating against the Kurdish minority. It is difficult to properly define early Kurds, as "Kurdish" was often used as a catch-all word for nomadic tribal groups west of Iran during antiquity and medieval times. Following their demands for the recognition of the Kurdish cultural rights, the Party got suppressed by the United Arab Republic and the possession of Kurdish publications or music was enough to be sent to be detained. [15], In the 12th century, Kurdish and other Muslim regiments accompanied Saladin, who was a Kurd from Tikrit, on his conquest of the Middle East and establishment of the Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1341), which was administered from Damascus. Both France and Turkey cultivated relations with the area's tribes in the hope of establishing territorial claims. [95] Human rights organizations have accused the Syrian government of routinely discriminating and harassing Syrian Kurds. Despite the role of the PKK in initially spreading the concept of "Syrian Kurdistan", the PYD (the Syrian "successor" of the PKK),[52] generally refrained from calling for the establishment of "Syrian Kurdistan". One of Nouri Kandy, an influential Kurd from the Kurd Dagh, and another one of the Kurdish tribal leaders of the Barazi confederation. "[92] Since then, Kurdish demonstrations became a routine part of the Syrian uprising. [48], The idea of a Syrian territory being part of a "Kurdistan" or "Syrian Kurdistan" gained more widespread support among Syrian Kurds in the 1980s and 1990s. [9][13], Abdullah Öcalan legitimierte später diese Haltung Syriens zu den Kurden. [33] Many Kurds from Syria's rural hinterland joined the local Janissary corps in Damascus. [44] The demographics of this area underwent a huge shift in the early part of the 20th century. Nordsyrien: Bomben auf Bebengebiet? Verhindert Türkei Hilfe? [38][39][40], The Danish writer Carsten Niebuhr, who traveled to Jazira in 1764, recorded five nomadic Kurdish tribes (Dukurie, Kikie, Schechchanie, Mullie and Aschetie) and six Arab tribes (Tay, Kaab, Baggara, Geheish, Diabat and Sherabeh). U.S. Departement of State: Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs: Jordi Tejel: Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society, Routledge New York 2009, S. 78, David McDowell: A Modern History of The Kurds. Es folgten dann mehrere Schlachten gegen den Islamischen Staat (IS), der sich bedingt durch den Krieg große Teile Ost- und Mittelsyriens angeeignet hatte und eine neue Front im Bürgerkrieg eröffnete. [34] By 1927, the Kurdish-majority villages of the area numbered 47. [5] Many Kurds also live in the large cities and metropolitan areas of the country, for example, in the neighborhood Rukn al-Din in Damascus, which was formerly known as Hayy al Akrad (Kurdish Quarter), and the Aleppo neighborhoods of al Ashrafiya[23] and Sheikh Maqsood. Although Kurdish farmers were dispossessed of their lands, they refused to move and give up their houses. The Kurdish leaders Hajo Agha, Kaddur Bey, and Khalil Bey Ibrahim Pasha. The Kurdish-Christian Coalition wanted French troops to stay in the province in case of Syrian independence, as they feared the nationalist Damascus government would replace minority officials by Muslim Arabs from the capital. [114] Since then, the number of stateless Kurds has grown to more than 200,000. [9], A group of Kurdish soldiers remained in Damascus after Saladin was buried there in 1193, establishing an enclave in the city known as the "Kurdish quarter", which was a center of Kurdish culture and language into the 20th century. In 1916, before the war had been won, Britain and France made a secret deal to divide the Middle East, known as the Sykes–Picot Agreement,[16] [98] 1965 entschied die syrische Regierung, einen “Arabischen Gürtel” (al-hizām al-ʿarabi) in der Dschazira entlang der türkischen Grenze zu errichten. März, dem Jahrestag der Unruhen von 2004, und der Feier zum Newroz am 21. Kurdish detainees were reportedly tortured and ill-treated. [109][114] Many others did not participate in the census through choice or other circumstances; they are known as "maktoumeen", meaning "unrecorded". The cordon was along the Turkish-Syrian border and 10–15 kilometers wide,[82] stretched from the Iraqi border in the east to Ras Al-Ain in the west. [56] Two small pockets with Kurdish majority at the border with Turkey (Afrin and Ayn al-Arab) were included in the State of Aleppo who, in contrast to the Druzes, the Alawites, and the Christians, did not receive their own state. The first encounter between the French Armed Forces and Kurds in Syria came in late 1919 in the Kurd Mountains, which the French were able to pass through without much difficulty. Freitag, 19.01.2018, 12:55 Uhr Um was geht es: Die Türkei plant offenbar eine grössere Militäroffensive in Syrien, konkret gegen die Kurdenmiliz YPG im Nordwesten des Landes. Ottoman authorities with the cooperation of Kurdish troops (and to a lesser degree, Circassian and Chechen tribes) persecuted Armenian and Assyrian Christians in Upper Mesopotamia and were granted their victims' land as a reward[verification needed]. Mittlerweile ist die Zahl der staatenlosen Kurden in Syrien auf mehr als 200.000 angestiegen. The remaining, which included 100,000 Kurds, were registered as foreigners (or "ajanib") in special registers. Die PKK hat in Syrien mit der Partiya Yekitîya Demokrat eine Schwesterpartei. The enclave in the northwest corner of the country is referred to as Afrin after its main city, and includes the surrounding plains and Kurd Mountains (Kurd Dagh). [7] Since the 11th century, the medieval Crusader castle Krak des Chevaliers in the Syrian Coastal Mountain Range has been known as the "Fortress of the Kurds" or "Castle of the Kurds". The treaty stipulated that Ottoman Kurdistan, which included Kurdish inhabited areas in southeastern Turkey and norther Iraq to be given autonomy within the new Turkish Republic, with the choice for full independence within a year. Zwischen den restlichen Parteien und der SNR besteht keine Einigkeit, so dass die Kurden den Kurdischen Nationalrat (KNR) gründeten. Kurden in Syrien: Autonom seit dem Bürgerkrieg - taz.de Besides the main three Kurdish enclaves, there were other Syrian Kurds outwith Syrian Kurdistan; primarily these were resident in the major cities of Aleppo (like the Alawite Kurds) and Damascus, though Yazidi Kurds inhabited Jabal Sam'an and others were nomads. Ahmad Khani's 1692 epic Mem û Zîn offers a similar conception of geography. Kurd Dagh is well-known for the olives, olive oil, and other products derived from its more than 13 million olive trees. On 23 August 1962, the government conducted a special population census only for the province of Jazira based on reports of illegal infiltration of tens of thousands of Turkish Kurds into Syria. It is surrounding three noncontiguous enclaves along the Turkish and Iraqi borders: Afrin in the northwest, Kobani in the north, and Jazira in the northeast. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2004. pp. Kurdische Quellen deuteten an, dass syrische Sicherheitskräfte nach Zusammenstößen während eines Fußballspieles zwischen örtlichen kurdischen Fans der Heimmannschaft und arabischen Fans der Mannschaft aus der Stadt Deir ez-Zor scharfe Munition gegen Zivilisten einsetzten. Am 12. Die Durchführung des Planes begann 1973 und es wurden beduinische Araber in den kurdischen Gebieten angesiedelt. An independent report has confirmed that there are at least 300,000 non-citizen Kurds living in Syria. [26][27][28], Under the mandate, the French had authority over three Kurdish-populated areas left on the southern side of the new line, namely the areas of the Kurd Mountains (or Kurd-Dagh), Jarabulus, and the French Mandate territory in Upper Mesopotamia (the Northern Jazira). [41] According to Niebuhr, the Kurdish tribes were settled near Mardin in Turkey, and paid the governor of that city for the right of grazing their herds in the Syrian Jazira. Erdogan untermauerte bei dem Treffen seine Drohung, eine neue Militäraktionen gegen kurdische Gruppen in Syrien zu starten. According to the Syrian government, the reason for this enactment was due to groups of Kurds infiltrating the Al-Hasakah Governorate in 1945. Nach Human Rights Watch (HRW) soll nach einigen Aussagen die außergewöhnliche Volkszählung willkürlich durchgeführt worden sein. Bekannte syrische Kurden, die teilweise zur Zeit des Osmanischen Reiches geboren wurden, sind: Einige syrische Städte mit kurdischer Bevölkerung, Türkische Militäroffensive in Nordsyrien 2019. Geht es nach den Meldungen der syrisch-kurdischen PYD - der kurdischen Partei in Syrien -, gönnen die kurdischen Rebellen den türkischen Kombattanten keinen Zentimeter. In 1800, the Ottoman government appointed the Milli chief Timur as governor of Raqqa (1800–1803). Accordingly, estimates as to the ethnic composition of northern Syria vary widely, ranging from claims about a Kurdish majority to claims about Kurds being a small minority. [50] This development was fueled by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) that strengthened Kurdish nationalist ideas in Syria, whereas local Kurdish parties had previously lacked success in promoting "a clear political project" related to a Kurdish identity, partially due to political repression by the Syrian government. [75] [94], Protests in the Kurdish inhabited areas of Syria evolved into armed clashes after the opposition Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD) and Kurdish National Council (KNC) signed a cooperation agreement on 12 July 2012 that created the Kurdish Supreme Committee as the governing body of all Kurdish controlled areas. [80][better source needed], Starting in 1926, the region saw another immigration of Kurds following the failure of the Sheikh Said rebellion against the Turkish authorities. Hauptstadt Syriens. Kurden setzen Kampf gegen IS in Syrien aus | DW | 17.10.2019 [65] The town was destroyed and the Christian population, about 300 families, fled to the towns of Qamishli and Hasakah. Although Xoybûn pursued a military revolt in Turkish Kurdistan, it advocated for local autonomy for Kurds in Syria. Allied forces retook Syria in 1941 and recognized the Syrian Arab Republic as independent and sovereign within the French mandate. [citation needed], Following the Tunisian Revolution and the Egyptian Revolution, 4 February 2011 was declared a Day of Rage in Syria by activists through Facebook. Am Anfang der Aufstände gab das syrische Ministerium für Arbeit und Soziales am 7. Kobane, 2016: Die Kurden . Kurden in Syrien: Die IS-Bezwinger und ihr Traum von der ... Im Jahr 1996 erklärte Öcalan öffentlich, dass es keine originäre kurdische Bevölkerung in Syrien gebe. [11], Sharafkhan Bidlisi's 1596 epic of Kurdish history from the late 13th century to his own day, the Sharafnama, describes Kurdistan as extending from the Persian Gulf to the Ottoman vilayets of Malatya and Marash (Kahramanmaraş), a wide definition that counts the Lurs as Kurds and which takes an extreme expansionist view of the south. Kurdische Häftlinge berichteten über Folter und Misshandlungen. [42] From 1973 onwards, the Arab Belt policy was applied which included the Arabization[43][44] of a between 10 and 15 kilometers wide border strip between Ras al Ayn and Al-Malikiyah[44] and the expropriation of territories owned by Kurds[43] and the establishment of dozens of Arab villages. They were given taxing authority and controlling other tribes in the region. Erdbeben in der Türkei: "Es gibt Vermutungen, dass die kurdischen ... - BR [15] There are three major centers for the Kurdish population in Syrian, the northern part of the Jazira, the central Euphrates Region around Kobanî and in the west the area around Afrin. The Franco-Turkish agreement was ratified by the multiparty 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which made no provision for an independent or autonomous Kurdish region, instead dividing the Kurdish areas of the Ottoman Empire between the new states of Turkey, Syria (under the French-controlled Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon), and British-controlled Mandatory Iraq. However, developments north of the line in Turkey profoundly affected Syrian Kurds. 93“ in der damaligen Provinz al-Hasaka statt. Mai 2023 um 15:58 Uhr bearbeitet. Diejenigen, die das taten, bekamen sie nicht zurück. giving the region the appellation of the "granary" of Syria. 2018 ließ der türkische Präsident Recep Tayyip Erdoğan die mehrheitlich kurdische Stadt Afrin bombardieren, 2019 die Städte Ras al-Ain und Tall Abjad. It is estimated that 25,000 Kurds fled at this time to Syria. In the Jazira, French troops were resisted more effectively. Kurdische Kulturzentren und Bücherläden waren auch verboten. [31] The number of Kurds settled in the Jazira province during the 1920s was estimated between 20,000[60] and 25,000. In 1921, France and the Turkish National Movement signed the Treaty of Ankara, ending the Franco-Turkish War and moving the border between Turkey and French Syria further south than provided by the Treaty of Sevres. They seek to transform Syria into a federal state, with a democratic system and structure for the federal government and provincial governments. Mit Präsidialerlass Nr. Syrian Kurdistan - Wikipedia In Syrien unterscheidet man zwischen „Ajanib“ (arabisch أجانب adschanib), registrierten Ausländern, und „Maktumin“, die behördlich nicht erfasst sind. [76][77] The inhabitants who had Syrian identity cards were told to hand them over to the administration for renewal. Das Motto der Kundgebung lautete «Nein zum . In Syria, other than in the governorate of Al-Hasakah, foreigners cannot be employed at government agencies and state-owned enterprises; they may not legally marry Syrian citizens. Die Türkei hält. [57] In 2015 a map by Kurdish National Council (KNC) member Nori Brimo was published which largely mirrored the Ekurd Daily's maps, but also included the Hatay Province. The implementation of the Arab cordon plan began in 1973 and Bedouin Arabs were brought in and resettled in Kurdish areas. [8] The founder of the Ayyubids, Saladin, famous for unifying Muslims and recapturing Jerusalem from Crusaders in 1187, expanded his empire into Syria and beyond. The toponymy of the area such as village names were Arabized. [74], By 2013, "Rojava" had become synonymous with PYD-ruled areas, regardless of ethnic majorities. Türken gegen Kurden in Syrien? Die wichtigsten Antworten Februar 2023 um 15:10, Liste kurdischer Ortsnamen und geographischer Bezeichnungen in Syrien, türkischen Militäroffensive in Nordsyrien 2019, Staatenlose Kurden in Syrien, Bericht von Kurdwatch, PDF, 545 kB. [31] Consequently, Kurds became majority in the districts of Tigris (later renamed al-Malikiyah) and Qamishli, while Arabs remained the majority in Hasakah district. The French government rejected the Kurdish petitions for autonomy. Quests for Decentralisation, Regional Autonomy and Independence Among Syrian Kurds and South Yemeni Separatists", "The Emergence of Western Kurdistan and the Future of Syria", "The Kurds, the Four Wolves, and the Great Powers", "The Complex and Dynamic Relationship of Syria's Kurds with Syrian Borders: Continuities and Changes", Examining the Experiment in Western Kurdistan, The Emergence of Western Kurdistan and the Future of Syria, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Kurdistan&oldid=1152886204, This page was last edited on 2 May 2023, at 22:20. 3rd revised edition. Mehrere tausend Personen - Kurden und Sympathisanten - haben am Samstag Nachmittag in Zürich gegen die türkische Angriffe auf kurdische Städte in Nordsyrien demonstriert. In seiner Heimat Qamishli, der mit 200.000 Einwohnern größten kurdisch geprägten Stadt in Syrien, stehen an jeder Ecke lärmende und stinkende Generatoren, in den Straßen staut sich der Verkehr.. Im Juni 1963 nahm Syrien an einer Militäraktion der Iraker gegen die Kurden teil und sorgte für Flugzeuge, gepanzerte Fahrzeuge und 6000 Mann. [55] Modern History of the Kurds, I. After the failure of Syrian political union with Egypt in 1961,[74] Syria was declared an Arab Republic in the interim constitution. In Syrien sprechen die Kurden hauptsächlich Kurmandschi. 07.02.2023 Die Hilfslieferungen würden die betroffenen, vorwiegend kurdisch bewohnten Gebiete kaum erreichen. Die Auswirkungen des Erdbebens im türkisch-syrischen Grenzgebiet sind noch nicht absehbar. Die Zahl der Turkmenen wurde 2012 auf rund zwei Millionen (neun Prozent der Bevölkerung) geschätzt. [101] Between 150,000 and 200,000 people were displaced due to the Turkish intervention. The claimed map includes large swaths of Arab-majority areas. Those Kurds who lost their citizenship were often dispossessed of their lands, which were given by the state to Arab and Assyrian settlers. [29] In the 1920s after the failed Kurdish rebellions in Kemalist Turkey, there was a large migration of Kurds to Syria's Jazira province. Kurden mit dem Status eines Ausländers haben nicht das Recht zu wählen oder sich zur Wahl zu stellen. [49] [20], The Treaty of Sèvres was opposed by the Turkish National Movement, a coalition of Turkish revolutionaries led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his Kemalist followers. [42] These Kurdish tribes gradually settled in villages and cities and are still present in Jazira (modern Syria's Hasakah Governorate). [citation needed], There are also some "nawar people" (gypsies) who speak Kurdish and call themselves Kurds in some regions. Kurdish cultural and political power re-emerged over the next three centuries, as Kurds in Kurdistan lived semi-autonomously within the Islamic caliphates. [108], The Kurds often speak the Kurdish language in public, unless all those present do not. Im Nordosten Syriens fürchten viele Menschen ein großangelegtes Comeback des IS. New York 2004, Seite 479, Zuletzt bearbeitet am 24. [91] According to Tammo's son, Fares Tammo, "My father's assassination is the screw in the regime's coffin. [14] Syrian Kurdistan is a region in northern Syria where Kurds form the majority. [98] By 24 July, the Syrian towns of Al-Malikiyah), Ras al-Ayn, Al-Darbasiyah and Al-Muabbada had also come under the control of the People's Protection Units. The government also claims that many Kurds were capable of registering themselves illegally in the Syrian civil registers. Alex . Sufism), Shia Muslim, Alevism, Yazidism, Yarsanism, with minorities of Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Judaism Dabei waren am 19. Both demands were not taken into consideration by the authorities of the French Mandate. Am Ende wurden mehr als 120.000 Kurden als Fremde identifiziert und in speziellen Registern geführt. [6] [12], At the beginning of the 17th century, land on either side of the Euphrates was settled by Kurds forced to migrate there at the Ottoman Sultans' behest from lands elsewhere within the empire. [16] All of these are on the Syria-Turkey border, and there are also substantial Kurdish communities in Aleppo and Damascus further south. It is my right.’[114] According to one researcher, the Kurdish street perceived the measure of providing citizenship as 'not well-intentioned, but simply an attempt to distance Kurds from the developing protest movement of the Syrian Revolution. März. Die Region besitzt ein eigenständiges Parlament mit Sitz in Erbil (Hewlêr) und unterhält eigene Militäreinheiten, die Peschmerga . [87] Giving Syrian nationality to refugees by French mandate authorities was legally required so that refugees could be hired as employees of the Syrian state (Armenians as clerks and interpreters and Kurds as gendarmes) but also to receive grants of state land by mandate authorities.